PARTICIPATORY
DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES
WITH
FOCUS ON HUMAN SECURITY
Discussion
Paper
Prepared
by:
UNDP-UNOPS
Integrated Areas Development Project (IADP)
February
1994
PARTICIPATORY
DEVELOMENT METHODOLOGIES
WITH
FOCUS ON HUMAN SECURITY
FOR
BROADER REPLICATION UNDER
EQUITABLE
AND SUSTAINABLE HUMAN DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM (ESHDP)
INTRODUCTION
1.0 The
promotion of participatory development in the Pacific context with special
focus on human security will have to contend with several paradoxes:
a. pursuit
of economic growth with its concomitant individualist and competitive ethic,
and the underlying social orientation of collective work and egalitarian ethic;
b. modern
government system, and an indigenous way of governance embedded in traditional
beliefs and practices still adhered to by many local communities;
c. a
subsistence economy providing for basic needs, and a parallel cash economy
unable to meet new aspirations;
d. church-influenced
social behavior, and the renewed call towards cultural identity and integrity.
2.0 Methodologies
designed to enhance participation will necessarily take these paradoxes into
account. The specific ways these
paradoxes are played out in real life, and how they impinge on people’s
perceptions of human security concerns, largely determine the mind-sets of
targeted development participants.
Hence, a methodology which aims to generate or enhance participation
need to be flexible enough t take in new tactics and/ or new emphases in messages
for more effective forays into these mind-sets.
3.0 Finally,
those methodologies will succeed only in so far as hey are in line with
deeply-held values which underpin these paradoxes in the first place:
-
a deep regard for social cohesiveness despite diversities;
-
social obligation towards the family and clan, children
and the elderly, as well as the disabled;
-
reverence for the past and close ties to tradition;
-
acceptance of change without loss of cultural integrity.
4.0 These
values are taken into account in formulating the form and content of each
participatory methodology.
A
summary of IADP-developed methodologies due for broader replication under ESHDP
is as follows:
|
PARTICIPATORY
METHODOLOGY |
TARGET
PARTICIPANTS |
BENCHMARKS/ OUTPUTS |
KEY
ESHDP INPUTS |
|
Human Security Profiling and People-centered
Development Planning Notes: - First tried in one island in
the cook Islands under the atoll project.
Subsequently replicated in both atoll and non-atoll islands. - Methodology field-tested and
further refined in Kiribati and Tuvalu initially in 3 and 2 islands,
respectively. Assessed by planning
authorities in both countries.
Kiribati and Tuvalu governments provided substantial funding for
nationwide replication of the revised approach. - Revised in North Ambrym to
fully integrate HS. |
Island Council/ Local government unit Village chiefs, elders Religious leaders Representatives of community
groups, i.e. women, youth, fishermen,
subsistence food producers/ farmers, heads of households with malnourished
children, etc. |
Formal agreement by local
government and the community on: - human security concerns; - local problems affecting
most families; - priority problems to be
addressed; - resources available from
government, external agencies, community to solve each problem; - project ideas from specific
groups and disadvantaged families; - initial projects to be undertaken to help solve priority
problems and/or forge closer government community partnership |
Orientation of key officials
of national agencies/NGOs Training of national core team
of trainers from selected agencies/NGOs Collection and analysis of
secondary data on the target community Preparation of a draft
development profile as basis of the workshop design Identification of specific
disadvantaged groups and families to be included as participants Assessment of local experience
with projects to guide project identification Translation of training
modules and support materials into local dialect |
|
PARTICIPATORY
METHODOLOGY |
TARGET
PARTICIPANTS |
BENCHMARKS/ OUTPUTS |
KEY
ESHDP INPUTS |
|
Credit programme for disadvantaged Groups and Households Notes: - First tried in the Cook
islands under the atoll project.
Subsequently replicated in Kiribati and Tuvalu with funding support
from Forum Secretariat. -On account of initial experiences,
approach will: a. sharpen focus on disadvantaged groups and households, rather
than on entire village communities; b. strengthen linkage with formal banking institutions; c. work more with NGOs as intermediaries to targeted clients/
sectors |
Community groups/ disadvantaged families with
specific projects to implement Island Council/ Village Development committee/
Youth and women’s coordinating body willing to start projects as vehicle for
learning implementation and management skills |
Funding facility administered
jointly by the local government and the community Specific projects carried out
by community groups and/or disadvantaged families involved in local plan
implementations Initial impetus provided for
local groups to proceed immediately to plan implementation rather than wait
for external resources Specific training needs
identified jointly with project implementators and based on actual experience
with individual projects |
Technical assistance on: - setting up the fund; - design and preparation of specific projects; - design of appropriate project reporting and monitoring system; - identification of specific training needs based on actual
experience of project implementors Hands-on training of project
implementors Training of relevant
government/ NGO personnel involved in providing monitoring and other
programme support to each individual project |
|
PARTICIPATORY
METHODOLOGY |
TARGET
PARTICIPANTS |
BENCHMARKS/ OUTPUTS |
KEY
ESHDP INPUTS |
|
Combined Social Preparation and Demonstration Approach for Adoption and Transfer of Sustainable Technologies Notes: - Field-tested and validated in Marshall Islands, Kiribati, FSM, Palau, Tuvalu, Tokelau - Replicated by various
projects funded by SPC, UNICEF, other agencies. |
Subsistence/ commercial food
producers, fishermen, handicraft workers, canoe and house builders, other
representatives of the productive sectors Traditional craftsmen, chiefs,
elders with kastom knowledge of local production technologies |
Actual demonstration and
learning sites for sustainable technologies related to food production,
environmental protection. Improvements or need for
innovative features of existing technologies identified by the people
themselves. Local knowledge on appropriate
indigenous food production, environmental protection, craft-making
technologies recognized and widely disseminated |
Assessment of existing
technologies to determine sustainability/ appropriateness Mobilization of traditional
craftsmen, chiefs, elders Training of local trainers,
resource persons, volunteers for the promotion of sustainable technologies Technical assistance in
setting up demonstration and learning sites |
|
PARTICIPATORY
METHODOLOGY |
TARGET
PARTICIPANTS |
BENCHMARKS/ OUTPUTS |
KEY
ESHDP INPUTS |
|
Integrating Indigenous
Institutions in Sustainable Development
Management System - Standard social mobilization
strategy in all IADP participating countries. - In the process of being
further refined in a Melanesian context, in Vanuatu. |
Paramount and village chiefs,
traditional leaders, community elders, kastom influentials (herbalist,
tabu persons, etc.) Island Council/ Local
government unit Ministry/ government
responsible for local governance |
Development roles, tasks clarified and accepted by traditional institutions and leaders Values supportive of HD
objectives identified and reaffirmed Support to specific projects
extended by indigenous institutions and traditional leaders |
Immersion social preparation
work with traditional institutions, leaders and community elders Formulation of a development
management framework defining respective tasks and functions acceptable to
local government and the indigenous institutions Training of government NGO
fieldworkers on skills related to working with indigenous institutions |
|
PARTICIPATORY
METHODOLOGY |
TARGET
PARTICIPANTS |
BENCHMARKS/ OUTPUTS |
KEY
ESHDP INPUTS |
|
Mainstreaming of HD Concerns in Existing Policies, Plans and Programmes Notes: -Based on social preparation
approaches applied by IADP to win policy and broad-based public support to
project. |
Policymakers/ Political
leaders Planners Key programme/ project
coordinators and implementors Leaders/ representatives from
indigenous and traditional institutions Donors Mass/folk Media practitioners |
HD concerns fully integrated
in existing policies, plans and programmes National will and vision on HD
articulated and widely disseminated HD-related structures formed
or revitalized with clear action programmes and funding support HD-oriented prorammes and
projects effectively monitored and coordinated |
Conduct of advocacy activities Assessment of existing
capabilities for policy formulation, planning and programming in support of
HD Technical assistance and
provision of relevant skills training |
ANNEX
KEY REFERENCES ON THE
PARTICIPATORY DEVELOPMENT METHODOLOGIES
Human Security Profiling and
People-Centered Development Planning
1. Sustainable Development
and Environmental Management of Atolls
IADP Paper No. 1
(1988)
2. Development Strategies for Pacific Island Economies: with Special Reference to Atoll Countries
IADP Paper No. 2
(1989)
3. Outer Island Capability
Enhancement Process (OICEP)- an Institutional Development Strategy for Small
Islands
IADP Paper No. 6
(1990)
4. Core Training Programme for Integrated Atoll Development
(1989)
5. Training Programme on
Participatory Profiling and Planning in Mangaia, Cook Islands
(1990)
6. Mangaia Socio-Economic
Profile
(1990)
7. Mangaia Integrated
Development Framework Plan
(1990)
8. Penrhyn Socio-Economic
Profile
(1991)
9. Penrhyn Integrated
Development Framework Plan
(1991)
10. Participatory Island
Profiling and Development Planning
(1991)
11.Training
Design on Participatory Island Profiling and Development Planning
(1991)
12. Participatory Island
Profiling and Development Planning in Tuvalu
(1991)
13. Participatory
Island Profiling and Development Planning in Kiribati
(1991)
14. Training
Programme on Community Profiling and Area-based Human Development Planning
(1993)
Credit Programme for
Disadvantaged Groups and Households
15. Mangaia
Visit – Some Observations
(1990)
16. Initial
Impact and Insights – reflections of the Rural Development Officer on IADP
Operations in the Cook Islands
(1990)
17.
People’s Participation in Development Through the
Island Development Coordinating Committee: the Cook Islands Experience
(1991)
18. Kiribati
Training Programme on Social Preparation and Island/Village Project Development
and Implementation
19. Tuvalu
Training Programme on Island/Village Project Development and Implementation
(1992)
20. Practical Lessons from
the Successes and Failures of Revolving Loan Fund Schemes
(1992)
21. Assessment Report on OIDPIMP (Outer Island Development Plan Implementation and Management Programme) - Kiribati
(1993)
22. Guidelines on the Micro
Capital Fund for Catalytic Human Development Projects
(1993)
Combined Social Preparation and Demonstration Approach
for Adoption and Transfer of Sustainable Technologies
23. Atoll Agriculture: Some Experiences of the UNDP/OPE Integrated
Atoll Development Project
(1989)
24. Promoting Food Production
in Atolls
(1990)
25. Training Design for Community-Based Food Production
(1991)
26. Report on Community-Based
Food Production Training (North Tarawa, Kiribati; Yap, Pohnpei, FSM; Marshall
Islands; Penrhyn atoll, Cook Islands)
(1991-1993)
27. The Integrated Atoll
Development Project in Woleai Atoll, FSM
(1991)
Integrating Indigenous
Institutions in Sustainable Development Management Systems
28. Framework for Social Preparation/Mobilization for Development
(1989)
29. Community
Organizing in the Context of Social Mobilization
(1991)
30. Study of Indigenous
Institutions in Kiribati
(1992)
31. Activities and Components for a National Advocacy Programme
for Human Development
(1993)